A

As in abstract 

Focusing on a community based watershed project in Rajasthan, India, implemented by the non-governmental organization, Seva Mandir, environmental entitlements analysis is applied in a project evaluation mode to explore the effects of social difference on project experience and impact.  Seva Mandir’s community identity and action across caste, class and gender difference in the context of local political struggles.  Yet, natural resource management remains an area of conflict: while cerian stakeholders have benefited from soil and moisture conservation activities and the enclosure of the commons, others, especially pastoralists and women, have faced high costs to their livelihoods. 

B

As in abstract 
As part of research commissioned by the US Census Bureau, in-depth interviews on the topic of health & mental health were conducted among 40 Mexican & Mexican-American migrant workers in FL. It was found that respondents' perceptions of these topics differed from the biomedical model, but were somewhat similar to the categorizations elicited from a sample of white middle-class, highly educated urbanites. These results suggest that, at least for this domain, standard demographic variables (eg, ethnicity, level of education, language, & income) seem to be less critical than is the lay/professional distinction. The biomedical categories used in survey research may be inappropriate not only for ethnic minorities, but also for the mainstream population. 
 
 

Bailey, Conner C. (1986) Social Issues in Third World Fisheries Development. Rural Sociological Society (RSS). 

As in abstract 
Despite mounting evidence of resource scarcity, national policymakers & international development agencies continue to promote programs based on capital-intensive fishing technologies. These programs increase pressure on the resource & have a negative impact on small-scale fishermen, who lack the means to adopt these new technologies & so remain competitive. Third World fisheries development efforts need to be balanced with resource management programs that address a clearly defined set of policy goals. It is necessary to recognize that, in the context of scarcity, management all but inevitably involves allocating the resource among competing users. Community-based management mechanisms are explored within the framework of "common property" resources. For a variety of reasons, in many parts of the Third World, common property management systems have broken down. Where community-based systems are not an option, management decisions need to be made by government agencies. Here the bias toward "modern" capital-intensive technologies has produced a de facto reallocation of the resource to a distinct class of entrepreneurs at the expense of small-scale producers. The concept of "traditional resource use rights" addresses issues between classes of fishermen, & provides an ethical basis for policy decisions based on patterns of historic usage. 
 

Bailey, J. (1996) High Seas Fishing: Towards a Sustainable Regime. Sociologia Ruralis 2:189-200. 

As in abstract 
Failure to impose order in areas of international jurisdiction threatens the visibility of coastal states' attempts to manage resource within their 200 mile limits.  Analyzed here is the nature of high seas fisheries in light of different property regimes.  It is suggested that the new regime, created in the 1990's largely as a result of the UN Conference on Straddling Stocks and Highly Migratory Species, effectively extends the influence of the coastal state into international waters.  Reservations are expressed that effective management cannot be achieved without due respect for the concept of the commons. 
 

Begossi, Alpina (1995) Fishing Spots and Sea Tenure: Incipient Forms of Local Management in Atlantic Forest Coastal Communities.  Human Ecology, 3:387-406. 

As in abstract 
Analyzes the use of aquatic resources by five fishing communities on the Atlantic forest coast of southeast Brazil: Buzios Island, Puruba, and Picinguaba in Sao Paulo, and Jaguanum and Itacuruca Islands at Sepetiba Bay in Rio de Janeiro.  Data obtained via fieldwork, 1986-1991, reveal that informal ownership of fishing spots, used for set gill net fishing, is regulated by kin ties at Buzios Island.  The artisanal fishers of Sepetiba Bay, especially those from Janguanum Island, have a conflict with Bay intruders, eg, shrimp and herring trawlers.  Two coastal communities, Puruba and Picinguaba, have conflicts with fishing regulations from a state park created in 1977.  The transformation of populated areas of the Atlantic forest to extractive reserves might be a way to avoid conflicts with intruders and government agencies and to involve local populations in management.  Kinship rules at Buzios Island and the territorial behavior of fishers at Sepetiba Bay may form a basis for local management. 
 

Berkes, F., (1985) The Common Property Resource Problem and the Creation of Limited Property Rights. Human Ecology, 2:187-208. 

Abstract of Article 
Fisheries are generally assumed by economists to represent a case of common property with open access, leading to a ‘tragedy of the commons’ situation.  Examination of the Canadian commercial fisheries of Lake Erie and Lake Saint Clair furnishes grounds for questioning the validity of this model.  Government regulations providing formal allocation of fishing areas, informal allocations of fishing areas based on custom and mutual advantage and harvesting quotas have created a system amounting to partial private property .  Recognition of this situation may lead to a system of fisheries management more appropriate to steady state economic and ecological conditions than are present policies. 
 

Bernard, H. Russell; Pelto, Pertti J., Werner, Oswald; Boster, James; Romney, A.Kimball; Johnson, Allen; Ember, Carol R.; Kasakoff, Alice (1986) The Construction of Primary Data in Cultural Anthropology. Current Anthropology, 4:382-396. 

As in abstract 
A report on the proceedings of a 1985 conference on construction of primary data in anthropology. Four main types of data construction were examined: unstructured interviews; structured interviews; direct observation of behavior & environment; & extraction of information from archival sources, including the coded ethnographic work of colleagues, eg, the Human Relations Area Files. Data quality issues have become crucial in anthropology; efforts to improve primary data are urgently needed. 
 

Binkley M. (1996) Nova Scotian Fishing Families Coping with the Fisheries Crisis. Anthropologica, 2:197-219. 

As in abstract 
Nova Scotian fishing families have been seriously affected but he fisheries crisis in their area and have developed various strategies to cope with the work organization and schedule of the various fisheries prosecuted.  Critical reductions in catches of groundfish have led to layoffs or work reductions, changes in work organization, and exploitation of other fisheries, some of which previously had been under utilized.  Focusing on one area of south western Nova Scotia, examined via 1993/94 interviews with key informants and 150 fishermen's wives, described here are how new adaptations have seen developed and how these previously beneficial adaptations conflict with the new situation these households now face. 
 

Boster, James S.; Johnson, Jeffrey C.; Weller, Susan C. (1987) Social Position and Shared Knowledge: Actors' Perceptions of Status, Role, and Social Structure.  Social Networks, 4:375-387. 

As in abstract 
The implications of variations among informants in their understandings of the structure of the group is explored via an analysis of ranking data collected from actors (N = 16) employed in the office of the Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs at an east coast U in 1986. Each office actor completed 2 similarity judgment tasks (pile sort & triad test) & 2 advice ranking tasks (personal & work advice) evaluating the other actors. The patterns of judged similarity, advice seeking, & agreement among the actors are compared. It is found that there is a consensus about the similarities of actors & that the structural position of actors influences their approach to the consensus. However, individuals who agreed with each other were not necessarily those who were judged similar by other informants. 
 

Boster, James (1987) Agreement between Biological Classification Systems Is Not Dependent on Cultural Transmission. American Anthropologist, 4:914-920. 

As in abstract 
A test of the hypothesis that culturally diverse groups have similar biological classification systems that are based on common inferences drawn from experience rather than direct cultural transmission. Two sorting experiments involving different South American bird specimens (both passerine & non passerine) were conducted with 82 students at the U of Kentucky, & results were compared with the perceptions of judges more familiar with the birds - Jivaro Amerindians of the Peruvian tropical forest & scientific ornithologists (N not provided). Findings support the hypothesis & those of previous research: humans universally perceive the natural order in the same way, which determines the structure of their folk biological classification systems; alternative classifications are similar only to the extent that the natural order is clear. 
 

Burton, Michael L.; Moore, Carmella C.; Whiting, John W. M.; Romney, A. Kimball 
CT: Aberle, David F; Barcelo, Juan A.; Dow, Malcolm M.; Guyer, Jane I.; Kronenfeld, David B.; Levy, Jerrold E.; Linnekin, Jocelyn (1996) Regions Based on Social Structure.  Current Anthropology, 1:87-111. 

As in abstract 
A new method for developing & testing regional constructs used in historical comparisons in cultural anthropology is presented. The method incorporates the older anthropological concept of culture-area in which cultural history is related to environment & also includes the newer concern with historically linking societies into world systems, using three criteria: level of aggregation, historical & physical continguity, & homogeneity & pattern. Social structural data on social organization & kinship terminology in 351 societies & quadratic assignment procedures were used to develop 9 regions. In comparison to G. P. Murdock's (1949) 6 regional constructs, these new regions accounted for 25% more of the social structural distances. Gender & descent systems (matri- vs patricentric), geographical constraints, & precapitalist world systems were identified as important variables. In addition, geographical alignments of cultural systems in the Old World & the Americas showed marked contrasts & reversed earlier conceptual errors. Comments are offered by David F. Aberle, Juan A. Barcelo, Malcolm M. Dow, Jane I. Guyer, David B. Kronenfeld, Jerrold E. Levy, & Jocelyn Linnekin. In their Reply, Burton et al discuss comments on their methodology & problems in cross-cultural coding of the data, & support indirect observation of constructs through logic, modeling, measurement, & empirical evidence. 

C

As in abstract 
A new approach to the study of power is outlined: the sociology of translation, founded on the principles of agnosticism (impartially between actors in a controvery), generalized symmetry (explanations of conflicting viewpoints in the same terms), and free association (abandonment of a prior case study) of scientific and economic controversy surronding the cases for the three marine biologists to develop a conservation strategy for that population.  Four moments of translation are distinguished in this process: problematization, enrollment and mobilization.  It is noted that translation is a process, never a completed accomplishment, and it may fail as in the empirical case considered.” 
 

Charles, Anthony (1986) New Technology and the Future of Work: The Current State of Research 
IN: North Staffordshire Polytechnic. International Sociological Association (ISA). 1986. 

As in abstract 
A discussion of current research on new technology, focusing on labor process theory, long-wave theory, & contingency theory. The quality of work rather than employment levels per se are emphasized in the relationship between technological change & work organization. The relative merits of these theories are examined, based on empirical evidence derived from cross-societal & sectoral comparative research in European manufacturing & services. Current trends indicate both de-qualification for manual & non manual workers & reintegration of some previously fragmented work tasks with the continued development of information technology. These apparently contradictory trends are analyzed in the context of variations in the organization of the labor process. Three areas are identified as under researched: the reactions & perception of workers to information technology & their implications for SC relations; the ideology of systems design & technology; & the relationships between labor & product markets at the societal level & changes in work organization at the organizational level. 
 

Cholik,Fuad; Molnar, Joseph-J.; Bailey, Conner C. (1986) Technology Adoption among Indonesian Shrimp Farmers: Hatchery-Reared Fry as a Barrier to Aquacultural Development. 
Rural Sociological Society (RSS). 1986. 

As in abstract 
Indonesia is the third greatest world shrimp exporter after India & Mexico. In an effort to protect the economic interests of small-scale fishermen & to conserve fisheries' resources, the government has expanded & intensified brackish water shrimp aquaculture in coastal areas in certain parts of the archipelago. A major bottleneck or limitation on the shrimp industry, however, is availability of seedstock or shrimp fry. Barriers to the adoption of hatchery-reared shrimp fry by Indonesian shrimp farmers are examined with data from a cross-sectional survey of 377 penaeid shrimp hatchery managers & farmers, conducted in West Java, Central Java, East Java, & South Sulawesi Provinces, Indonesia, from July to Nov 1984. The results indicate that the following independent variables show significant relationships in the expected direction with the dependent variable: relative advantage of hatchery, fry, education, farm size, tenure, & distance to hatchery. Results of a multiple regression of 9 variables measured at the interval or ordinal level reveal that relative advantage contributes significantly to the explained variance in the adoption of hatchery fry. However, as a whole, the independent variables explain only 12.7% of the variance in the dependent variable. A discussion addresses the research, extension, & development policy implications for Indonesia. 
 

Cicin-Sain, B., Orbach, M.K. (1986) Mutual Mysteries: Washington/Regional Interactions in the Implementation of Fisheries Management Policy. Policy Studies Review, 2:348-357. 

This Explores the formulation of a fisheries management plan which involves corresponding aspect between organizational levels within the fisheries context. 
 

Clark, Peter; Davis, Anthony (1989) The Power of Dirt: An Exploration of Secular Defilement in Anglo-Canadian Culture. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 4:650-673. 

As in abstract 
 The differences between male & female reactions to defiling substances & situations can be accounted for in terms of cultural hegemony: in hegemonic patriarchal culture or male supremacist culture, men are significantly less sensitive & less repelled by cultural "dirt" than are females. As a result, men are positioned to employ, intentionally or subconsciously, defilement as a device in the legitimation & management of domination over women. This use is apparent in situations ranging from the seemingly benign, in which men express behaviors considered natural for their gender (spitting, flatulence, public genital self-manipulation), to sexual assault. Women's sensitivity to the defilation is considered an indication of their weakness. Paradoxically, the distribution of household duties entitles women, due to their low power position, to a much greater exposure to dirt. 
 

Clarke, P.D. (1998) Fishing and Identity in Acadia: New Outlooks on Maritime Culture and Rurality.  Recherches Sociographiques, 1:59-101. 

As in abstract 
The economic and social systems in Acadia's fisheries bnased areas are determining factors in the construction of a collective Acadian popular identity.  It is held that the communities sharing this identity have been marginalized in response to pressures to modernize coming from outside society, but that, within the communities, strong folk identity , linked to the social circumstances of the Acadians, predominates.  A homogenization of identity seen elsewhere is said to be counteracted by persistent Acadian cultural practices, and it is asserted that the Acadian identity uses maritime culture's symbols and representations as a defense against the fragmenting nature of post modernism. 
 

Collins, Darron (1996) Fishing Societies of the Northwest Amazon: Indigenous Common Property Resource Management. Human Mosaic, 1:5-18. 

As in abstract 
The riverine environment management practices of the Amerindians of the Northwest Amazon are examined.  Through the practice of restriction of riparian deforestation and adherence to fishing taboos, these fishing societies manage the riverine environment as a common property resource.  The foundation of these practice lies in ritual myth, and understanding of ecological relationships, and operates at an almost unconscious level.  Acculturation in the region, particularly the perception of taboos as mere superstition, is causing many of these management schemes to disappear.  The transition from unconscious to conscious management carries potential to create social and ecological problems. 
 

Costa, Alberto C. G.; Kottak, Conrad P.; Prado, Rosane M. (1997) The Sociopolitical Context of Participatory Development in Northeastern Brazil. Human Organization, 2:138-146. 

As in Abstract 
Examines why some cultural settings are better suited to participatory development than others by focusing on a case study of northeast Brazil, where tradition & socioeconomic structures present strong obstacles to local participation & collective action. Data gathered on the economic, social, & political characteristics of 11 municipalities, & interviews conducted with organization leaders & 440 community residents, showed how the primarily vertical nature of the existing organizations hampered the horizontal social organization of government improvement projects. Though democratizing trends have weakened some of the traditional authorities that perpetuate the structural conditions of poverty, prior organizations still pose challenges to be addressed in policy planning & project design. 

D

As in abstract 
Canada's federal fisheries policy of limited entry licensing creates scarcity in that there are fewer licenses issued than the total demand for them. This situation inflates the economic value of licenses, thereby increasing the difficulty of license acquisition for new entrants & crew. Also, real income & equity value advantages are realized from scarcity by the current license holders. Analysis of case study & survey data gathered by the Task Force on Atlantic Fisheries (N not given) supports the contention that limited entry licensing is creating inequalities of condition & opportunity in the fisheries, a situation that makes fishermen & the industry vulnerable to federal government control of participation & development. Several policy alternatives that would return control of participation to those whose livelihoods are derived from the industry, the fishermen, are discussed 
 

Davis, Dona Lee; Nadel Klein, Jane (1992) Gender, Culture, and the Sea: Contemporary Theoretical Approaches.  Society and Natural Resources, 2:135-147. 

As in abstract 
An update of an earlier, more comprehensive essay on gender in martime settings (Davis, Dona L. & Nadel-Klein, Jane [Eds], To Work and to Weep: Women in Fishing Economies, St. John's Newfoundland: Instit Social & Economic Research Memorial U, 1988). Some contemporary exceptions to the androcentric tendency in previous research are examined, & it is suggested that understanding of local fishing communities fisheries production can be greately enhanced by reexamining the role of gender. 
 

Derman, B., Ferguson, A. (1995) Human Rights, Environment, and Development: The Dispossession of Fishing Communities on Lake Malawi. Human Ecology, 2:125-142. 

As in abstract 
In a growing number of cases throughout Africa, communities' resource bases are being undermined or appropriated by outsiders, a process that seriously threatens the continuation of local cultures and livelihoods.  Here a political ecology framework is employed to examine how the linked processes of economic development, political power, and environmental change are transgressing the tights of fishing communities on the shores of Lake Malawi.   In these cases, the communities, or their members, find themselves powerless to prevent the expropriation of the resources over which they previously had either legal or customary control.  Thus, it is not the economic processes of dispossession alone that lead to human rights violations, but rather dispossession combined with an authoritarian political context. 

E

F

Feeny, D., Berkes, F., McCay, B., Acheson, J. (1990) The Tragedy of the Commons Twenty-Two Years Later. Human Ecology, 1:1-19. 

As in abstract 
In the Tragedy of the Commons (Science, 1968, 162, 1243-1248), G. Hardin predicted the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all commonly held resources.  Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use.  Here, after defining common property resources and presenting a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources can be held, evidence accumulated since Hardin’s work appeared is offered, which indicates that private, state and communal property are all potentially viable resource management options.  A more complete theory than Hardin’s should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction. 
 

Freeman, Linton C.; Romney, A. Kimball (1987) Words, Deeds and Social Structure: A Preliminary Study of the Reliability of Informants. Human Organization, 4:330-334. 

As in abstract 
Commenting on recent studies showing that informants make errors in reporting their specific interactions with others, it is suggested that these errors stem from systematic biases introduced by fundamental human memory processes. It is hypothesized that the errors will all be in the direction of reporting long-term interaction patterns at the expense of details of particular interaction events. Data on attendance at a recurring colloquium are examined, & it is shown that when informants (16 colloquium participants) were asked to recall those present at a particular session, they biased their responses to capture the general attendance pattern. Thus, their response provided a better index to long-term patterns than to attendance at a single colloquium session. 

G

As in Abstract 
An investigation of variation in folk medical beliefs in a Tarascan community in west-central Mexico. Data are from a structured interview conducted with 10 traditional F curers & a comparison group of 10 F noncurers. Three possible patterns of interinformant agreement are described & tested using the quadratic assignment program. Results suggest that although curers & noncurers differ, the differences are not great enough to represent 2 variant systems of medical beliefs. Rather, there is a single system of beliefs common to both groups, with curers showing higher agreement among themselves in expressing this system than noncurers. This finding, & a related one showing higher agreement among older informants, are explained in terms of culture learning; ie, curers & the elderly share more knowledge about illness because of their greater experience in both dealing with & communicating about illness. A model of folk medical knowledge is presented & systematic variation from this model examined 

H

As in abstract 
Indigenous Knowledge is discussed in comparison to scientific knowledge.  IK is explicit and can be seen in the practices of a people.  Comparisons between scientific and IK question whether these types of knowledge differ only by origin or in an essential way., with difference by origin receiving more support.  Interest in IK has increased with alienating effects through the appropriation of this knowledge for goals incompatible with indigenous peoples. 

I

J

As in abstract 
The Common property theory is critically reviewed as it has been applied to fisheries, focusing on public policy implication.  It is argued that structural differences within the industry, eg., between inshore and offshore fishers have not been properly addressed, which has generated inadequate public policy.  Also important alternatives to strict and detailed public control eg., cooperative regulation by fishermen, have not been given enough attention. 
 

Jentoft, S., Kristofferson, T. (1989) Fishermen’s Co-management: The case of the Lofoten Fishery. Human Organization, 4:355-365. 

As in abstract 
The efficiency of co-management is examined through a case study of the Lofoten fishery of Norway.  Regulation of the fishery dates back to an 1897 law that departed from previous legislation in that it contained few rules for the execution of the fishery itself, but prescribed principles for a democratic organization of fishermen.  Today, the formal regulatory system for the fishery prescribes control districts, district administration, the independence of each juridical entity, division of fishermen into gear types , membership on linkage committees and linkages with local government.  The system has been successful because other fishermen involved grant it legitimacy on acknowledgement of the need for regulation. 
 

Jentoft, Svein; Davis, Anthony (1993) Self and Sacrifice: An Investigation of Small Boat Fisher Individualism and Its Implication for Producer Cooperatives. Human Organization, 4:356-367. 

As in abstract 
Countering the contention that small boat fishers are uncooperative individualists resistant to forming & sustaining representative organizations, it is argued that these fishers are a heterogeneous group expressive of divergent & often conflicting ideologies & behaviors. The character & play of these differences directly impact the dynamics in & outcomes for representative organizations, eg, producer cooperatives. Structured interview data from 50 small boat captains in 1988 are drawn on to investigate their engagement with & attitudes toward an eastern Nova Scotia producer cooperative. The notions "rugged individualism" & "utilitarian individualism" are used to conceptualize & analyze fishers' ideological & behavioral heterogeneity & its potential meanings for the success or failure of representative forms of organization. 
 

K

As in abstract 
Data from Northern Fisherman Cooperative Society annual reports suggest that fishermen from Caye Caulker, Belize, use a local management system, based on traditional territories, that limits access to these fishing areas. By these means, they have produced lobster tails at a stable rate for 30+ years. However, recent observation & interview data suggest that this seemingly effective local management system may be beginning to teeter. Many factors are shifting the nature of tenure & access to fishing areas in the lobster fishery around Caye Caulker. Discussed here are changing territorial tenure patterns, fishermen's children's emigration from the cay, & tourism development. Though these factors are defining characteristics of success among villagers, they are also threatening the resilience of this folk management system. 2 Figures, 28 References. Adapted from the source document 
 

Kitner, Kathi R.; Maiolo, John-R. (1988) On Becoming a Billfisherman: A Study of Enculturation. Human Organization, 3:213-223. 

As in abstract 
Sportfishing for large ocean pelagic billfish species, such as marlin & sailfish, is the most glamorous, & expensive, of the many types of recreational fishing in the US. Tournaments are events that simultaneously organize & reify the subculture of billfishing. Analysis of interview data obtained in a survey of 140 participants of 8 such tournaments revealed a progression of recreational activities leading into the sport of billfishing. Three conceptual models are examined to assist in the understanding of the social processes by which anglers are recruited, enculturated, & maintained in the subculture. Such an analysis has important implications for the management of fisheries under recently enacted federal & state legislation. 
 

Kollock, Peter (1998) Social Dilemmas: The Anatomy of Cooperation. Annual Review of Sociology, 24:183-214. 

As in abstract 
Discusses categories of social dilemmas & how they are modeled, focusing on two-person social dilemmas (Prisoner's Dilemma, Assurance, Chicken) & multiple-person social dilemmas (public goods & commons dilemmas). Possible solutions for social dilemmas are then explored, organizing them into three broad categories based on whether the solutions assume egoistic actors & so give some weight to the outcomes of their partners. Strategic solutions assume egoistic actors, & neither of these categories of solutions involve changing the fundamental structure of the situation. Solutions that do involve changing the rules of the game are considered in the discussion on structural solutions. Current research & directions for future work are summarized. 
 

Kottak, Conrad P.; Costa, Alberto C. G. (1993) Ecological Awareness, Environmentalist Action, and International Conservation Strategy. Human Organization, 4:335-343. 

As in abstract 
Describes ongoing research on environmental risk perception & action in Brazil & Madagascar, with implications for other areas. Reducing environmental threats & conserving scarce resources are appropriate goals - from global, national, long-run, & even local perspectives. Still, environmental policy must be implemented in the short run & in local communities. If traditional resources & products are to be destroyed, removed, or placed off limits, they must be replaced with culturally appropriate & satisfactory alternatives. 
 

Kottak, Conrad P. (1999) The New Ecological Anthropology. American-Anthropologist,1:23-35. 

As in abstract 
Suspending functionalist assumptions & an emphasis on (homeo)stasis, the new ecological anthropology is located at the intersection of global, national, regional, & local systems, studying the outcome of the interaction of multiple levels & multiple factors. It blends theoretical & empirical research with applied, policy-directed, & critical work in what Roy A. Rappaport (1968) called an engaged anthropology, & it is otherwise attuned to the political aspects & implications of ecological processes. Here, a critique of previous ecologies insists on the need to recognize the importance of cult mediations in ecological processes rather than treating culture as epiphenomenal & as a mere adaptive tool. Methodologies appropriate to the new ecological anthropology are discussed. 

L

As in abstract 
Discusses how fishing communities avoid destructive over fishing through local and largely informal self management.  International examples undermine the widespread assumption that the tragedy of the commons is inevitable with out government regulation. 

M

As in abstract 
Three projects of varying breadth, depth , and scope in which social scientific scholarship has both theoretical and applied value to the fishery management process are described.  In conducting Project 1, funding first allowed for the construction of an appropriate theoretical model and hypotheses and then supported the research, application and evaluation.  Project 2 Illustrates how available theory and methods can be adapted to the solution of a basic problem in fisheries management, ie how to involve those who are affected in the formation of policies and regulations.  Project 3 addressed the issue of conflict of fisheries management, locating marine resource conflicts within a larger conceptual context. 
 

Mariussen, Age (1995) Global market Modernization and Institutional Change: Case Studies from Family Firms in the Fishing Industry.  Comparative Social Research 15:231-257. 

As in abstract 
Explores conditions for modernizing traditional export activities offering 2 empirical case studies of Norwegian families firms that export fish products.  Traditional transactions take place between connoisseurs who infer quality from the product itself.  Connoisseurship is embedded in guilds and interfamilty relations, where orthodoxy is defended by reference to ancestors.  Modern people read quality by classifying icons (brands) in supermarkets, based on individual experiences.  Modern value chains are hierarchical to protect the symbolic capital of brand name owners.  Modern quality may also be based on heterdox variation, with traditional connoisseurship as a source of post-Fordist novelty.  Given different models of traditional and modern symbolic capital accumulation, however, attempts at modernization expose the symbolic capital of traditional exporters to high risk. 
 

McCay, B., Jentoft, S. (1996) Uncommon Ground: Perspectives on Common Property.Kolner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 36: 272-291. 

As in abstract 
Reviews the literature on the so called “Tragedy of the Commons,” eg., the social dilemma that people pursuing their interests have the incentive to parasitize the stakes of others, resulting in the fact that resources owned commonly are often most poorly stewarded.  Recent critiques of the tragedy model that fault is neoclassical economic assumptions, arguing that there are conditions under which it does not hold and thus, that collective action for the common good is possible, are concluded to be thin.  Drawing on ethnographic research a thicker perspective is presented that emphasizes the embedding of property rights not only in specific historical contexts and political economic structures but also in cultural systems of symbols and values.  The examples of fishery co-management illustrates this perspective.  The role of the state, the  human ecology of the commons, and the relationship of this understanding of cooperation of rational action theory are all discussed. 
 

McDonell, Gavan (1997) Scientific and Everyday Knowledge: Trust and the Politics of Environmental Initiatives.  Social studies of Science 6:819-863. 

As in abstract 
Social processes supporting Relationships between regulatory policies, government actions and techno-scientific knowledge are examined.  A recent Australian Hazardous waste initiative is used to illustrate the interconnection of the phenomenology of trust, formation of techno-scientific knowledge, political regulation philosophy, and knowledge claims clarification, a nexus that is relevant to environmental conflicts in public institutions.  It is proposed that such social processes depend on basic social and political concepts, including the constitution of scientific objects, the construction of types, and familiarity. 
 

McGoodwin, James R. (1987) Mexico's Conflictual Inshore Pacific Fisheries: Problem Analysis and Policy Recommendations. Human Organization, 3:221-232. 

As in abstract 
An examination of chronic conflict arising from a dual & contradictory management policy in an inshore fishery of Pacific Mexico. The dual policy is summarized & discussed, & the widespread conflicts that have resulted among various components of the local Ru populace & between that population & its government are analyzed. The dynamics of contentions underlying these conflicts are described, & policy recommendations are made that are applicable to this & similar fisheries. 

N

As in abstract 
Presents a method & case study based on an applied ethnoecology approach, utilizing an adaptation of the Thematic Apperception Test to develop culturally relevant indicators of sustainability & quality of life. Pictures of scenes around the Manupali watershed in Bukidnon, Philippines, were used to elicit perceptions & assessments of different environmental features & agricultural practices from a stratified convenience sample of 51 informants. Informant stories were scored based on dominant themes to identify indicators of sustainability & quality of life relevant to different ethnic, gender, & age groups. It is concluded that these contextually sensitive indicators differ significantly from externally defined indicators & vary systematically as a function of socioeconomic & -demographic parameters. Taking culturally relevant indicators into consideration can help shape development trajectories that local people can identify with & benefit from in the short- & long-term. 
 

Nazarea, Virginia D.; Rhoades, Robert E.; Bontoyan, Erla; Flora,-Gabriela (1999) Catch the Tiger by the Tail: Some Notes on Method. Human Organization, 3:348. 

As in abstract 
A reply to the commentary by Chantelle Marlor, Russel Lawrence Barsh, & Levita A. Duhaylungsod (1999) regarding an article by Nazarea, Rhoades, & Bontoyan (1998) addressing three principle issues: (1) informant selection, arguing for an approach that assumes social heterogeneity in the target population, reflecting population variances; (2) the use of modified thematic apperception tests, following Henry Murray (1943) with a scoring system modeled after that of Ruben Fine (1955), a method that identifies dominant themes in the population with dominant themes being used as indicators; & (3) the validity of the methods employed. Methodological limitations are addressed, & suggestions made for improvements, including ethnographic grounding & the input of informants in the scoring system. 
 

Nazarea, Virginia; Rhoades, Robert; Bontoyan, Erla; Flora, Gabriela (1999) Defining Culturally Relevant Indicators: What Are We Waiting For? Human Organization, 2:219-220. 

As in abstract 
A reply to a commentary by Chantelle Marlor, Russell Lawrence Barsh, & Levita Duhaylungsod (1999) on the authors' "Defining Indicators Which Make Sense to Local People: Intra-Cultural Variation in Perceptions of Human Resources" (1998) argues that the research methodology used in the original article to identify environmental indicators among a local population is valid. Specific critiques are addressed. 
 

Neis, Barbara (1991) Flexible Specialization: What's That Got to Do with the Price of Fish? 
Studies in Political Economy, 36:145-175. 

As in abstract 
A case study of the early 1980s crisis & restructuring in the northwest Atlantic & Newfoundland fishing industries is presented as a contribution to the flexible specialization/Fordist-post-Fordist debate. Drawing on insights from the regulationist school, it is argued that this crisis was one of particular production paradigms: Fordist & peripheral Fordist. In order to understand the pattern of crisis & restructuring in this industry, however, it is necessary to conceptualize Fordism & peripheral Fordism somewhat differently than presented in the work of Lipietz (no reference specified). Using insights from recent Marxist economists' work on the barrier of nature, & from feminist analyses of domestic labor, the definition of production paradigm is expanded to include ecological factors at one end of the production-realization cycles, & domestic consumption work at the opposite end. The expansion of the Fordist production paradigm in the fishing industry after WWII resulted in overfishing & strong pressures to exert national control over coastal fisheries. The increased competitiveness of more flexible production paradigms was enhanced by capitalist penetration of meal production & food service at the opposite end of the production-realization cycles. Markets for mass-produced standardized fish products stagnated, while specialized niche markets expanded rapidly. The same changes also threatened profits within firms most closely wedded to the peripheral Fordist production paradigm in the Newfoundland fishery. The analytical framework developed here allows explanation of both the shift toward a more flexible production paradigm in the 1970s & a subsequent reversal of that trend in the early 1980s.  

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As in abstract 
The relations between Indigenous management practices and formal regulations in the lobster fisheries of Maine and Newfoundland are examined to revise assumptions about the nature of the Indigenous practices.   It is argued that many current conceptions of indigenous practices are based on a flawed theorectical position refered to as “soft evolutionism.”  A  rejection of this position leads to the realization that the greatest contribution of indigenous practices to the formation of regulations is not to be found in their unintended conservative effects, but in their ability to reveal the conscious goals and values of fisheries.
 

Philips, Susan U. (1987) The Social Organization of Knowledge and Its Consequences for Discourse in Bureaucratic Settings. Discourse Processes, 4:429-433.

As in abstract
In a recapitulation of the principal themes of the articles collected in this issue (see abstracts in SA 36:5), the notion that in bureaucratic settings knowledge is socially organized in ways that have similar consequences for discourse organization is examined. All articles share the viewpoint that the knowledge of bureaucratic constraints is socially organized & differentiated in terms of the role distinction between bureaucrat (insider) & client (outsider). Insiders are privy to knowledge of institutionally defined constraints on discourse whereas outsiders have less such knowledge & vary in their expectations. Brief outlines of the papers are presented to identify the particular aspects of the relationship between social & communicative organization examined. It is concluded that the insider's contribution to discourse management is shaped by the knowledge necessary for functioning as a representative of the bureaucracy, but this knowledge is not shared or transmitted to the outsider
 

Pollnac, Richard B.; Poggie, John J.; VanDusen, Charles(1995)  Cultural Adaptation to Danger and the Safety of Commercial Oceanic Fishermen. Human Organization, 2:153-159.

As in abstract
Describes the psychocultural adaptation to danger & its effects on safety practices among commercial fishermen in New England. Denial & trivialization are common mechanisms used in coping with the dangers associated with their occupation. Examining concordance between Coast Guard data & 121 fishers' interview accounts allows for the evaluation of the fishers' understandings about actual causes of fishing vessel accidents. Additionally, sociocultural correlations of variance in risk assessment are used to identify the types of fishers at high risk levels 
 

Pollnac, Richard B.; Poggie, John J. (1991) Psychocultural Adaptation and Development Policy for Small-Scale Fishermen's Cooperatives in Ecuador. Human Organization, 1:43-49.

As in abstract
Scale & other data are used to compare the correlates of relative success in 48 small-scale fishery capture & mariculture cooperatives in Ecuador, in an attempt to identify social & psychocultural differences between capture & culture fishermen. It is argued that the different modes of adaptation influence factors associated with cooperative success. Factor analysis using orthogonal rotation (varimax) reveals that social solidarity factors are the best predictors of cooperative success among capture fishermen, while entrepreneurial management style shows greatest impact on mariculture cooperatives. It is concluded that different techniques will be required in order to form successful cooperatives among the two types of cooperatives. 
 

Pollnac, Richard B.; Poggie, John J., Jr. (1988) The Structure of Job Satisfaction among New England Fishermen and Its Application to Fisheries Management Policy. American Anthropologist, 4:888-901.

As in abstract
The structure of job satisfaction among 3 samples of New England fishermen (N = 42, 79, & 80 interview respondents, respectively) is examined using 3 different measures. The various measures of job satisfaction were found to be complexly related to other sociocultural variables, eg, age, education, years of fishing experience, type of fishing, ethnicity, & home port. The policy implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to fishery development & management. 
 

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As in abstract
For over a century Ukambani (Kenya), the home of the Akamba people, has been the object of intense scrutiny & repeated interventions by international & national experts. Outsider narratives have portrayed the region as a crucible for a series of crises, including human & livestock epidemics, overgrazing, soil erosion, low productivity, underdevelopment, fuelwood shortage, biodiversity loss, & threatened wildlife. Akamba farmers & herders recount a very different story in which land alienation, land hunger, & limits on mobility of people & their herds have restructured the ecological & spatial order of their homeland, to the benefit of some & the detriment of many. The history of crisis construction & resolution by outsiders, juxtaposed with the diverse experience of people within the region, suggests that simple solutions to single problems may actually create new crisis, in Ukambani & elsewhere 
 
 

Romney, A. Kimball; Weller, Susan C.; Batchelder, William H. (1986) Culture as Consensus: A Theory of Culture and Informant Accuracy. American Anthropologist, 2:313-338.

As in abstract
A presentation & test of a formal mathematical model for the analysis of informant responses to systematic interview questions, using responses of Guatemalan Rs to a survey asking degree of contagion & necessary medicine for various diseases. A situation is assumed in which the ethnographer does not know how much each informant knows about the cultural domain under consideration or the answers to the questions. The model simultaneously provides an estimate of the cultural competence or knowledge of each informant & an estimate of the correct answer to each question asked of the informant; it currently handles true-false, multiple-choice, & fill-in-the-blank question formats. In familiar cultural domains, the model produces good results from as few as 4 informants. A table is included showing the number of informants needed to provide stated levels of confidence given the mean level of knowledge among the informants. 
 

Rubin, Jeffrey Z. (1994) Models of Conflict Management. Journal of Social Issues, 1:33-45.

As in abstract
Focuses on the management of conflict through negotiation or the intervention of a third party. Examined are two very different models - mutual gains & concession-convergence - that have emerged for the understanding of negotiation; the roles & functions of outside intervenors are then considered. 17 References. Adapted from the source document
 

Rubin, Jeffrey Z. (1989) Some Wise and Mistaken Assumptions about Conflict and Negotiation. Journal of Social Issues, 2:195-209.

As in abstract
A revised version of the president's address to the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI), Aug 1988, in Atlanta, Ga, explaining how the SPSSI influenced him in 1963 to pursue a career in the field of conflict studies. Dramatic developments & conceptual shifts in the field since then are detailed, including: a changing emphasis from conflict resolution to conflict settlement; enlightened self-interest as a goal for disputant's orientation, going beyond cooperation & competition; the emerging point of view that a common set of processes underlies all forms of conflict & settlement, & that third-party intervention is effective when it follows certain principles; the importance of relationship in negotiation; a temporal context for negotiation that considers both the events preceding & those occurring after the negotiation; negotiation that works from the level of interest rather than position, ie, "from the inside out"; the state of "ripeness" in the conflict; the lasting consequences of the confrontation, ie, the "residue"; & the role of conflict & negotiation in the SPSSI itself. 

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As in abstract
Presents a synthetic picture of the formation of important ways of life connected to maritime fishing in Brazil, examining paths of destructuration of these ways of life and their forms of insertion on the contemporary world.  Lines of interpretation of social resistance found in the world of labor and emergence of a fishermen's social movement are proposed.  
 

Sosis, R., Feldstein, S., Hill, K. (1998) Bargaining Theory and Cooperative Fishing Participation on Ifaluk Atoll. Human Nature, 2:163-203.

As in abstract
Examines the merit of bargaining theory, in its economic and ecological forms, as a model for understanding variation in the frequency of participation in cooperative fishing among men of Ifaluk atoll in Micronesia.  Two determinates of bargaining power are considered: Resource control and a bargainers utility gain for his expected share of the negotiated resource.  Several hypotheses relating cultural and life course parameters to bargaining power are tested using 1994/1995 observational data on the frequency of cooperative sailfishing participation.  Consistent with predictions generated from bargaining theory, event history analysis indicates that (1) age is negatively correlated with cooperative fishing participation, (2) men of high ranking clans with high levels of education fish less than men of low ranking clans with higher levels of education., (3) men with high expected utility gains from fishing returns fish more than men with low expected fishing utility gains, (4) number of dependents is positively correlated with cooperative fishing participation, and (5) number of young genetic offspring residing with a man is positively correlated with cooperative fishing participation, whereas the number of such offspring over 13 is negatively correlated.  
 

Stonich, Susan C.(1990) The Dynamics of Social Processes and Environmental Destruction: A Central American Case Study. Population and Development Review, 2:269-296.

As in abstract
A demonstration of how the widespread environmental destruction occurring in Central America is linked to the region's pattern of agricultural development, focusing on southern Honduras. After critiquing major paradigms used to analyze environmental problems in the Third World, a political-economy approach is combined with the concerns of regional ecology to examine the interactions among social processes, demographic trends, production decisions, & environmental decline. It is concluded that the motivation for natural resource exploitation arises from the fundamental structure of society, & that the patterns identified for southern Honduras are widespread throughout 
 

Stonich, Susan C. (1995) The Environmental Quality and Social Justice Implications of Shrimp Mariculture Development in Honduras. Human Ecology, 2:143-168.

As in abstract
Development schemes aimed at reducing Central America's social & economic problems historically have stressed intensified exploitation of the region's natural resources through augmented exports of agricultural commodities & forest products, enhanced agricultural productivity, & expanded industrial fisheries. There is plentiful evidence documenting how succeeding waves of export expansion have displaced small farmers from their lands, often initiating cycles of repression & violence while also generating or intensifying environmental destruction. Explored here are the environmental quality & social justice implications of the current prevailing development strategy in the region, the promotion of so-called nontraditional exports. Focusing on the expansion of shrimp mariculture in coastal zones along the gulf of Fonseca, Honduras, political ecological analysis is used to examine interconnections among the dominant export-led development model, the policies & actions of the state, the competition among various classes & interest groups, & the survival strategies of an increasingly impoverished population. Analysis suggests that problems of social justice & environmental quality cannot be understood apart from the underlying social structure of the region. 
 

Stonich, Susan C. (1992)  Struggling with Honduran Poverty: The Environmental Consequences of Natural Resource-Based Development and Rural Transformations. World Development, 3:385-399.

As in abstract
An examination of the impact of export growth through agricultural diversification, which has been the basis of development strategies in Central America since WWII, on inequality, impoverishment, & environmental degradation in southern Honduras. Based on international statistics, the analysis centers on the primary exports of the region - cotton, cattle, & recently so-called non traditionals, particularly, shrimp mariculture along the Gulf of Fonseca. After demonstrating the system interconnections among the dynamics of agricultural development, patterns of capitalist accumulation, rural inequality & impoverishment, & problems of environmental destruction, it is concluded that development policies must directly address the extremes of wealth & poverty to reverse environmental decline.
 

Suryanarayana, M. (1996) Economic Crisis of Small Time Fishing Communities of East Coast and the Impact of Mechanization. Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society, 1:89-95.

As in abstract
Discusses the history of policy making regarding Indian fishing rights on Ontario, 1970s-1980s, Indians throughout Ontario became politically mobilized around their treaty hunting and fishing rights.  Because little had been done by provincial and federal officials to uphold their rights, Indians attempted to have their political and cultural interests incorporated by existing political institutions.  In 1976, political representatives for Indians, Ontario, and Canada entered into a series of informal tripartite meetings, a process that was formalized in 1978 with the creation of the Ontario Tripartite Council.  By 1980, representatives focused on the problem of Indian fishing, in 1982, and Indian fishing Agreement was reached.  Although this agreement had the potential for instituting a set of rules and procedures regarding Indian fishing, it did not go into effect; council continued to debate the problem of Indian fishing until 1986, but failed to produce any substantive results.  Drawing on government documents (1976-1986), it is argued that this failure can be explained by two interrelated problems: (1) Canada's constitutional structure and the nature of exclusive federal and provincial sovereignties and (2) the dominant political and cultural interest groups that spoke out against Indian fishing rights.  An unresolved discourse is also revealed.  While one purpose behind Tripartite Council was to identify solutions to the problem of Indian fishing, representatives for Indians, Ontario and Canada spent the decade talking past each other.
 

Symes, D. (1996) Fisheries Management and the Social Sciences: A Way Forward? Sociologia Ruralis, 2:146-151

As in abstract
This Emphasises the link between social sciences and fisheries management because of the failures of the current bio-economic model.  A research role is developed for social scientists in light of the many dimensions of fisheries management.

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As in abstract
A case study of recruitment to commercial fishing in southwestern Nova Scotia & an analysis of secondary data are used to determine why the occupation continues to attract & hold participants. Results reveal that occupational attachment is strongest in the petty commodity sector & weakest in the industrial-capitalist sector, primarily because recruitment & participation in the former occurs in a social landscape of family, familiarity, community, & control over labor processes. It is argued that these social conditions take precedence over economic/income considerations in the consciousness of fishermen. It is also argued that state fisheries policy & social scientific analyses largely ignore the rationality of occupational & community attachment. As a result, both state policy & social research facilitate the bureaucratization & consequent dehumanization of the occupation. 
 

Thiessen, Victor; Davis, Anthony; Jentoft, Svein (1992) The Veiled Crew: An Exploratory Study of Wives' Reported and Desired Contributions to Coastal Fisheries Enterprises in Northern Norway and Nova Scotia. Human Organization, 4:342-352.

As in abstract
The fit between the reported & desired contributions of wives to household small boat fishing enterprises is explored using data from a 1989/90 interview study (N = 126 respondents) that employed a double comparative design: a regional comparison between households in northern Norway & Nova Scotia, & a dyadic gender comparison of the viewpoints of wives & husbands. It is found that wives in both regions contribute substantially in the fishing enterprises, although husbands desire them to do even more. 
 

Turnbull, David (1997) Reframing Science and Other Local Knowledge Traditions. Futures 6:551-562.  

As in abstract
By recognizing science as a set of local practices, it becomes possible to decenter it and develop a framework in which all knowledge systems can be  equitably compared.  It is argued that all knowledge systems are spatial in that they link people, sites and skills.  It is suggested that to secure the diversity among knowledge traditions rather than have them absorbed into the great imperial archive, disparate knowledge traditions must work together through a creation of a third space in which the social organization of trust can be negotiated.
 

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As in abstract
It is contended that resource management of coastal fisheries in Japan should be accomplished through fishing and ground management by fishermen themselves.  Traditional fishing ground management in a Japanese coastal fishing village is explores, and it is suggested that a partnership between ownership and management of fisheries is needed to control fishing competition.  The effects of post WWII technology in Japanese fisheries is discussed, and a case study of priority and monopoly in fishery management is presented.
 

Willms, Dennis G.; Best, J. Allan; Taylor, D. Wayne; Gilbert, J. Raymond; Wilson, Douglas M. C.; Lindsay, Elizabeth A.; Singer, Joel. (1990)  A Systematic Approach for Using Qualitative Methods in Primary Prevention Research. Medical Anthropology Quarterly (New-Series), 4:391-409.

As in abstract
A framework for applying qualitative methods in primary prevention research is described that was developed in studies of smoking & cessation processes in Ontario, in which data were gathered from 43 heavy smokers before & after their quit day over a 2-year period. Methods included: interviews, field notes, life histories, discourse & content analysis, & interpretation of sociocultural patterns & idioms of bodily experience. It is suggested that qualitative research is an essential precursor to culturally effective interventions & is appropriate for other large-scale public health studies & interventions. 
 

Wilson, Douglas C. (1989) Export Oriented Development in Africa: Evaluating World Bank Recommendations Using Cross National Panel Data 1960-1980. Rural Sociological Society (RSS). 

As in abstract
The World Bank has argued that for Africa to pull out of its characteristic grinding poverty, it must increase its efforts to export commodities in the production of which it has a "comparative advantage." Focusing on three sources of distortion identified in the dependency literature as accompanying export-oriented economic development - penetration of foreign capital, vertical trade structure, & concentration on a few commodities - a dynamic analysis is conducted, with the dependent variable being the rate of change in per capita gross national product. The effects of export emphasis & its interactions with the three distortion variables are compared between Africa & the Third World as a whole. Export orientation itself as well as its interaction with foreign capital penetration are found to have a positive effect elsewhere & a negative effect in Africa. Vertical trade's interaction shows a significant negative effect throughout the Third World in general, but a positive one in Africa. Commodity concentration's interaction shows a significant neative effect in Africa but no significant effect for the Third World as a whole. The recommendation to concentrate on exports in Africa is shown to be, for the most part, an inappropriate generalization from the experiences of other countries.
 

Wilson, Douglas (1998) Markets, Networked , and Risk: An Analysis of Labor Re-numeration in the Lake Victoria Fishing Industry. Sociological Forum, 3:425-456.  

As in abstract
Applies concepts from Jurgen Habermas's theory of communicative action to the problem of identifying the circumstances under which networks replace markets as the primary governance mechanism for economic activities.  The suggestion derived from this theory is that markets govern economic activities tied to material phenomena, whereas networked control such activities when they are tied to social relationships.  This suggestion is empirically tested, using1993/94 data on labor transactions in the Lake Victoria fishing industry in Tanzania to test the hypotheses that risk factors arising from natural contingencies will distribute  according to a risk market model, whereas those arising from social relationships will be distributed through a logic of social power tied to networks and identities .  The hypothesis is generally supported by survey data from 356 fishing boat managers on the effects of kinship and, more strongly, ethnicity.
 

Wilson, Douglas C.; Medard, Modesta; Harris, Craig K.; Wiley, David S. (1999) The Implications for Participatory Fisheries Management of Intensified Commercialization on Lake Victoria.  Rural Sociology, 4:554-572.

As in abstract
Looks to sociological debates about agency, structure, & embeddedness for guidance in theorizing about the social dimensions of fisheries management in a way that considers both the need for participation & the political economy of the fishery. It is argued that focusing on the effect of economic & political structures on communications between stakeholder groups is one way to link participation & political economy; the management of the Nile perch on Lake Victoria in Tanzania is presented as a case study. Potentials for participatory management are evaluated by asking how changes in economic & political realities affect stakeholders' claims about the resource, create social distances that affect communications, & privilege particular claims & perspectives. It is concluded that management measures are undercut when they ignore the needs of groups excluded from the resource. Effective management of the Nile perch fishery is possible, but would require changes in the approaches of the responsible agencies.
 

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